What is mean by Protocol?
PROTOCOL:
Is a set of "RULES" and "REGULATIONS" for sending and receiving Information on the NETWORK
1. ICMP = Internet Control Message Protocol
Use to echo
2. RIP = Routing information protocol
The Routing Information Protocol, or RIP, as it is more commonly called, is one of the most enduring of all routing protocols. RIP is also one of the more easily confused protocols because a variety of RIP-like routing protocols proliferated, some of which even used the same name! RIP and the myriad RIP-like protocols were based on the same set of algorithms that use distance vectors to mathematically compare routes to identify the best path to any given destination address.
3. IGRP = Interior gateway routing protocol
IGRP is a distance-vector routing protocol, which means that each router sends all or a portion of its routing table in a routing message update at regular intervals to each of its neighboring routers. A router chooses the best path between a source and a destination. Since each path can comprise many links, the system needs a way to compare the links in order to find the best path. A system such as RIP uses only one criteria -- hops -- to determine the best path. IGRP uses five criteria to determine the best path: the link's speed, delay, packet size, loading and reliability. Network administrators can set the weighting factors for each of these metrics.
4. ARP = Address Resolution Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address that is recognized in the local network. For example, in IP Version 4, the most common level of IP in use today, an address is 32 bits long. In an Ethernet local area network, however, addresses for attached devices are 48 bits long. (The physical machine address is also known as a Media Access Control or MAC address.) A table, usually called the ARP cache, is used to maintain a correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address. ARP provides the protocol rules for making this correlation and providing address conversion in both directions.
5. TCP/IP =
A protocol is a set of rules or agreed upon guidelines for communication. When communicating, it is important to agree on how to do so. If one party speaks Indian and one German the communications will most likely fail. If they both agree on a single language, communications will work. On the Internet the set of communications protocols used is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP is actually a collection of various protocols that each have their own special function or purpose. These protocols have been established by international standards bodies and are used in almost all platforms and around the globe to ensure that all devices on the Internet can communicate successfully.
Saturday, March 1, 2008
Wednesday, February 27, 2008
Tuesday, February 26, 2008
Configuring the Windows Time service to use an external time source
To configure an internal time server to synchronize with an external time source follow these steps:
1.Change the server type to NTP. To do this, follow these steps:
a.Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.
b.Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Parameters\Type
c.In the right pane, right-click Type, and then click Modify.
d.In Edit Value, type NTP in the Value data box, and then click OK.
2.Set AnnounceFlags to 5. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\AnnounceFlags
b. In the right pane, right-click AnnounceFlags, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit DWORD Value, type 5 in the Value data box, and then click OK.
3.Enable NTPServer. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\TimeProviders\NtpServer
b. In the right pane, right-click Enabled, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit DWORD Value, type 1 in the Value data box, and then click OK.
4.Specify the time sources. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Parameters\NtpServer
b. In the right pane, right-click NtpServer, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit Value, type Peers in the Value data box, and then click OK.Note Peers is a placeholder for a space-delimited list of peers from which your computer obtains time stamps. Each DNS name that is listed must be unique. You must append ,0x1 to the end of each DNS name. If you do not append ,0x1 to the end of each DNS name, the changes made in step 5 will not take effect.
5.Select the poll interval. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\TimeProviders\NtpClient\SpecialPollInterval
b. In the right pane, right-click SpecialPollInterval, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit DWORD Value, type TimeInSeconds in the Value data box, and then click OK. Note TimeInSeconds is a placeholder for the number of seconds that you want between each poll. A recommended value is 900 Decimal. This value configures the Time Server to poll every 15 minutes.
6.Configure the time correction settings. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\MaxPosPhaseCorrection
b. In the right pane, right-click MaxPosPhaseCorrection, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit DWORD Value, click to select Decimal in the Base box.
d. In Edit DWORD Value, type TimeInSeconds in the Value data box, and then click OK. Note TimeInSeconds is a placeholder for a reasonable value, such as 1 hour (3600) or 30 minutes (1800). The value that you select will depend upon the poll interval, network condition, and external time source.
e. Locate and then click the following registry subkey: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\MaxNegPhaseCorrection
f. In the right pane, right-click MaxNegPhaseCorrection, and then click Modify.
g. In Edit DWORD Value, click to select Decimal in the Base box.
h. In Edit DWORD Value, type TimeInSeconds in the Value data box, and then click OK. Note TimeInSeconds is a placeholder for a reasonable value, such as 1 hour (3600) or 30 minutes (1800). The value that you select will depend upon the poll interval, network condition, and external time source.
7. Quit Registry Editor.
8.At the command prompt, type the following command to restart the Windows Time service, and then press ENTER:
net stop w32time && net start w32time
1.Change the server type to NTP. To do this, follow these steps:
a.Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.
b.Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Parameters\Type
c.In the right pane, right-click Type, and then click Modify.
d.In Edit Value, type NTP in the Value data box, and then click OK.
2.Set AnnounceFlags to 5. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\AnnounceFlags
b. In the right pane, right-click AnnounceFlags, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit DWORD Value, type 5 in the Value data box, and then click OK.
3.Enable NTPServer. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\TimeProviders\NtpServer
b. In the right pane, right-click Enabled, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit DWORD Value, type 1 in the Value data box, and then click OK.
4.Specify the time sources. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Parameters\NtpServer
b. In the right pane, right-click NtpServer, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit Value, type Peers in the Value data box, and then click OK.Note Peers is a placeholder for a space-delimited list of peers from which your computer obtains time stamps. Each DNS name that is listed must be unique. You must append ,0x1 to the end of each DNS name. If you do not append ,0x1 to the end of each DNS name, the changes made in step 5 will not take effect.
5.Select the poll interval. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\TimeProviders\NtpClient\SpecialPollInterval
b. In the right pane, right-click SpecialPollInterval, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit DWORD Value, type TimeInSeconds in the Value data box, and then click OK. Note TimeInSeconds is a placeholder for the number of seconds that you want between each poll. A recommended value is 900 Decimal. This value configures the Time Server to poll every 15 minutes.
6.Configure the time correction settings. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\MaxPosPhaseCorrection
b. In the right pane, right-click MaxPosPhaseCorrection, and then click Modify.
c. In Edit DWORD Value, click to select Decimal in the Base box.
d. In Edit DWORD Value, type TimeInSeconds in the Value data box, and then click OK. Note TimeInSeconds is a placeholder for a reasonable value, such as 1 hour (3600) or 30 minutes (1800). The value that you select will depend upon the poll interval, network condition, and external time source.
e. Locate and then click the following registry subkey: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\MaxNegPhaseCorrection
f. In the right pane, right-click MaxNegPhaseCorrection, and then click Modify.
g. In Edit DWORD Value, click to select Decimal in the Base box.
h. In Edit DWORD Value, type TimeInSeconds in the Value data box, and then click OK. Note TimeInSeconds is a placeholder for a reasonable value, such as 1 hour (3600) or 30 minutes (1800). The value that you select will depend upon the poll interval, network condition, and external time source.
7. Quit Registry Editor.
8.At the command prompt, type the following command to restart the Windows Time service, and then press ENTER:
net stop w32time && net start w32time
Configuring the Windows Time service to use an internal hardware clock
Serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly by using Registry Editor or by using another method. These problems might require that you reinstall your operating system. Microsoft cannot guarantee that these problems can be solved. Modify the registry at your own risk.
To configure the PDC master without using an external time source, change the announce flag on the PDC master. The PDC master is the server that holds the forest root PDC master role for the domain. This configuration forces the PDC master to announce itself as a reliable time source and uses the built-in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) clock. To configure the PDC master by using an internal hardware clock, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.
2. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\AnnounceFlags
3. In the right pane, right-click AnnounceFlags, and then click Modify.
4. In Edit DWORD Value, type A in the Value data box, and then click OK.
5. Quit Registry Editor.
6. At the command prompt, type the following command to restart the Windows Time service, and then press ENTER:
net stop w32time && net start w32time
To configure the PDC master without using an external time source, change the announce flag on the PDC master. The PDC master is the server that holds the forest root PDC master role for the domain. This configuration forces the PDC master to announce itself as a reliable time source and uses the built-in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) clock. To configure the PDC master by using an internal hardware clock, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.
2. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\AnnounceFlags
3. In the right pane, right-click AnnounceFlags, and then click Modify.
4. In Edit DWORD Value, type A in the Value data box, and then click OK.
5. Quit Registry Editor.
6. At the command prompt, type the following command to restart the Windows Time service, and then press ENTER:
net stop w32time && net start w32time
Configuring the Windows Time service to use an internal hardware clock
Serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly by using Registry Editor or by using another method. These problems might require that you reinstall your operating system. Microsoft cannot guarantee that these problems can be solved. Modify the registry at your own risk.
To configure the PDC master without using an external time source, change the announce flag on the PDC master. The PDC master is the server that holds the forest root PDC master role for the domain. This configuration forces the PDC master to announce itself as a reliable time source and uses the built-in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) clock. To configure the PDC master by using an internal hardware clock, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.
2. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\AnnounceFlags
3. In the right pane, right-click AnnounceFlags, and then click Modify.
4. In Edit DWORD Value, type A in the Value data box, and then click OK.
5. Quit Registry Editor.
6. At the command prompt, type the following command to restart the Windows Time service, and then press ENTER:
net stop w32time && net start w32time
To configure the PDC master without using an external time source, change the announce flag on the PDC master. The PDC master is the server that holds the forest root PDC master role for the domain. This configuration forces the PDC master to announce itself as a reliable time source and uses the built-in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) clock. To configure the PDC master by using an internal hardware clock, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.
2. Locate and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W32Time\Config\AnnounceFlags
3. In the right pane, right-click AnnounceFlags, and then click Modify.
4. In Edit DWORD Value, type A in the Value data box, and then click OK.
5. Quit Registry Editor.
6. At the command prompt, type the following command to restart the Windows Time service, and then press ENTER:
net stop w32time && net start w32time
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